Marketing Plan For An Organization Essay - 1532 Words

Every marketing plan needs to involve some level of marketing research to validate any marketing initiative and to understand what your customers really want. But what are the best research methods to use to suit your specific business needs? Before I start, it should be noted that not all marketing research should only occur in big organisations with significant budgets. There are number of different research methods which small business can use to analyse their market. By keeping your research methods as simple and focused as possible will help you collect, sort and analyse information without getting bogged down or disheartened. Primary Research For the purpose of this blog, I m only going to focus on primary research as I m assuming most people know how to obtain secondary research and information which is readily available from places such as trade unions, libraries, government authorities and departments, e.g. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) The four most common methods used to collect primary data include: Surveys or questionnaires Focus Groups Personal Interviews Observation Surveys Every small business can reap the benefits from using small-scale surveys. SurveyMonkey.com is a smart tool to create and publish custom surveys, allowing the user to view results graphically and in real-time. You should be surveying your customers at least every six months, or perhaps the next you send out an invoice. The cost to sign up is very cheap, so it s worth aShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For An Organization1248 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Plan Marketing play vital role in success of every type of business. The objective of Marketing Plan to skeleton the strategies, tactics and plans to achieve the targeted sales goals. My company will provide consultancy regarding Skilled Worker Visa, Business Visa, Student Visa, Temporary Visitor Visa, Work Visa, Family Sponsored Visa, Refugee Cases and Citizenship. My company is committed to provide quality immigration services to those who are willing to settle down temporary or permanentlyRead MoreMarketing Plan For An Organization1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe real marketing plan made will be composed essentially for officials, who will utilize the conjectures in the arrangement to settle on planning choices. These individuals will settle on planning choices for the arranged showcasing exercises as well as for the association s assembling, requesting, and generation divisions, and different capacities in view of the promoting arrangement made. Notwithstanding administrators, numerous other individuals will utilize the advertising arrangement. ParticularlyRead MoreMarketing Plan For An Organization3615 Words   |  15 Pages1.Executive summary Marketing is a process of creating, organizing, communicating, delivering, providing and exchanging offerings in the form of information about the product or services which creates a value in the eyes of customers, society etc. about the business providing the product or about the brand at large. In this course of marketing I got lot of knowledge about marketing concepts relating to brand promotion, communication mix, qualitative research etc. which would help me in future toRead MoreStrategic Marketing Plan For The Organization Essay2106 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction      As a warehouse employee i was assigned a project to work on strategic marketing plan for the organisation. After my research i outlined the following points:-     1 porters five academic model 1 Supplier: How do your actions affect costs, supplies and evolution? If there are a limited number of suppliers, it is the power of his favour and switching cost can be prohibitive to a situation with a large number of suppliers. There may be too few buyers, suppliers.   2. Power of buyers: Read MoreMarketing Plan For Organization / Alcor Petro Lab Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pages Marketing Plan for Organization/Alcor Petro lab Proposed by: Morris Crowder Submitted to: BUSN-319-10074 DeVry University September 24, 2016 INTRODUCTION The marketing planning is very essential for Alcor Petro lab to be successful in the local and global market. This involves an outline of the organization and their complete marketing efforts. Being that marketing in the RD petroleum world isn’t done by radio, TV nor newspaper it has to be very noticeable on all job search sites asRead MoreHow Organizations Use Marketing Research to Contribute to the Development of Their Marketing Plans883 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment: Describe how a selected organization uses marketing research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans Primary and secondary research Marketing research informs businesses, helps them make decisions and understand the changing dynamics of its market. To know all of this you need to research your customers, competitors and the overall marketing environment. With that information you can analyze the data and make conclusions to improve the marketing of your products of servicesRead MoreMarketing Strategy : An Organization s Marketing Goals Into A Comprehensive Plan1008 Words   |  5 PagesA marketing strategy combines an organization’s marketing goals into a comprehensive plan. It is drawn from good market research on the right marketing mix to achieve maximum profits for the product or service as well as sustain the business. Of common use is the term â€Å"marketing mix.† It incorporates the four Ps of marketing. These are product, price, promotion and place. When dealing with a service in place of a good, the four are expanded to the seven Ps. The three additions are; people, physicalRead MoreWhy D o Healthcare Practices Need a Marketing Plan?793 Words   |  3 Pagesadvertising and marketing efforts for the coming year is known as a marketing plan. A marketing plan includes a statement of the marketing situation, a discussion of target markets and company positioning and a description of the marketing mix intended for use in reaching marketing goals (entrepreneur.com, 2012). A second definition of a marketing plan is as follows: a plan that describes the activities involved in achieving certain marketing objectives within a given timeframe. A market plan starts offRead MoreMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Program Paper1283 Words   |  6 Pageshave, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature.    Student s  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Dwayne Wilson Individual Assignment MKT 421 Dwayne Wilson 11/01/2011 Terry Booker Marketing definitions Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved October 2007) 1: the act or process

Student Essay Topics , Stress Options

Student Essay Topics , Stress Options More frequently than not, other people today are the cause of somebody's stress. Stress is common in everybody's life is something, because the strain of life changes challenging. It can also get worse if a person feels lonely. Superior stress is stress that you are able to manage. Should you ever feel nervous, moody, irritable or depressed, it may be as a consequence of stress. Between stress at work, to issues at home, the consequences of stress and the way they are sometimes injurious to the individual are genuine. Though a mild quantity of stress is extremely useful and acts as a motivation for students, an excessive amount of stress can interfere with their everyday lives. After identifying the most frequent triggers of stress, you should learn the various ways of managing stress. Student Essay Topics, Stress Fundamentals Explained It is, therefore, crucial to locate ways of managing difficult conditions, to be able to continue being healthier and among the simplest, most productive procedures of coping with tension and anxiety is organized physical practice. Generally, it is the body's response to overwhelming situations that may either be positive or negative. Other people view stress as the answer to such situations. One is believed to be going through positive stress as soon as the stressful situation is very likely to lead to positive outcomes. How to Choose Student Essay Topics, Stress Adequate sleep is important for replenishing the energy you require for your studies the next moment. It may also give you the capacity to prioritize. Stress is such a substantial part of everybody's daily life. Before starting, learn more about the way to run a psychology experiment. Other instances, like in an abnormal psychology training course, might ask that you compose your paper on a particular subject like a psychological disorder. It is such a broad topic, so you want to find a topic that allows you to adequately cover the subject without becoming overwhelmed with information. In some instances, students simply devise the study and imagine the feasible results that may occur. New Questions About Student Essay Topics, Stress Learning at a quicker pace is a good deal more challenging than having an excess calendar year. It's much better to complete it slowly over a time period instead of all at once. Furthermore, the stress also plays an essential part in the lives of students. Stop being a spectator on occasion in your life. Ruthless Student Essay Topics, Stress Strategies Exploited Whether you're in dire need of assistance in determining the best stress research paper topics or ensuring the total excellence of your paper we are more than delighted to provide you our expert services. Luckily, there are many methods you are able to ruminate and generate suggestions for your topic. Upon generating an extensive collection of good topics, you might get confused about the precise region to get started with, and this is the entire essence of this third step. Thus, the aim of this questionnaire is to receive your feedback on the stress you've experienced in this academic year and the means by which you've handled that. If it's still true that you couldn't write fantastic essays, you can view a bsolutely free essay papers online. As soon as your essay is finished and transferred to you, you've got 2 weeks to request a totally free revision. You get simply the very best essay. You've been given to compose an informative essay. The Pain of Student Essay Topics, Stress Despite all this information, stress amounts in high school students continue to rise. Evidently, the impact of stress on high school students is extremely prevalent and can cause many problems. Academic stress is not uncommon among college students. Stress in students may have serious harmful results and so should be addressed. Then there's the rare group of people who are so smart they don't need to be concerned about their grades. Social media has been a substantial toll on lots of my buddies. Possessing a tiny stress can be good from time to time, but when you're in college that's defiantly something you wish to keep under control. Wei, on the flip side, feels a lot of worry about his future because he's having difficulty within this new setting. Basically, everyone experiences moments of stress, and it may break or make you based on the way that it is handled. The term stress means different things to various men and women. Exercise isn't only an extremely efficient technique of stress management, but in addition one with different advantages. Choosing and keeping up such a systematic approach toward all tasks will help to construct confidence that you are able to can complete everything in time. Psychologically, stress is believed to be an emotional experience that's accompanied by predictable biochemical, psychological and behavioral alterations. An excessive amount of stress may have a negative effect on one's body, mind, and feelings so it's important to recognize the early signals of stress to be able to do something about it.

Competitive Strategy vs Value Innovation free essay sample

From the last few decades, the emphasis of strategy has been on the competitive advantage (as laid down by Michel Porter in 1980). This is evident from the cut throat competition amongst the various industrial sectors, be it at domestic or global level. Every company or firm in their respective industries strives hard to grab a bigger market share than its peers. The motive is to surpass the profits/revenues of the latter. But in the recent times, the scenario has been a strayed. Instead of following the cliche notion of competitive advantage, the present day firms have gathered a new perspective of profit making i. e. Value innovation’. I am going to take a look at both of them and eventually try to compare and contrast the two perspectives. STRUCTURE Before going into the details of two scenarios, there is a need to understand that what strategy actually implies. Different businessmen have their own way of explaining strategy. According to (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2009 p. ) ,A strategy is an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit the core competencies and gain a competitive advantage. Michael Porter (1996) defines strategy in terms of competitive strategy. He asserts that the notion of strategy lies in being at a competitive position and adding value through a combination of activities that are different from that of competitors. Strategy is a pattern of the fundamental goals of the walk and planned the distribution of resources and the organization of interaction with the market, competitors and factor-environmental factors. -John A. Byrne So the selected strategy lays down the dos and don’t’s of an organization. From quite a long time, competitiveness has been in vogue. The firms in a particular industry try to imitate each other. Any firm enjoys the competitive advantage when its rivals are not able to emulate the profits that it makes. So competition comes out to be the most essential factor here. But this happens for a transient period of time. In order to sustain themselves in the value creating strategy, the firms imitate each other. It is where the competitive advantage fails. According to (Porter 1980, p. 12) the basic unit of analysis and business are industry and product respectively. Thus analysis of industrial structure holds utmost significance in forming a competitive strategy. A set of five forces define an industry structure and hence shape the competitive in an industry. These forces are a means of understanding an industrys current profitability as well as effective positioning. In other words they depict whether an industry is attractive or unattractive in the market place. Thus these vary from industry to industry. The five forces according to ( J. H. M. de Jonge 2011) are as follows. The entry is guided by the some of these barriers like when the company in question enjoys economies of scale, product differentiation and the entrants need capital requirements and switching cost and strict government policies thus making it difficult for the newcomers to enter the industry. COMPETITORS: There are a number of factors that guide the rivalry between the competitors. These include numerous equally balanced competitors, insufficient industry growth, high storage costs to name a few. The substitutes are the products that have quite the same function as companys own products. e. g. Plastic for aluminum. If there is high threat from the substitutes, then the industrys profitability and growth potential suffer. For e. g. With the advent of Skype, telephone services have experienced a major setback.The bargaining power of suppliers is more when they are more concentrated, not dependent upon revenues and pose a threat of forward integration. The bargaining power of buyers is high when buyers buy in bulk, have little consideration for quality and may threaten to integrate backwards. After having discussed the five factors that form an essential tool in laying down the industrial structure, now I am going to discuss the three main generic strategies that are required to position a company in the market place. It is said that the five forces measure the companys attractiveness which is indeed the primary factor and the secondary factor is its position in the market, this is guided by the generic strategies. Porters 1980 generic strategies model (Antony Michail, 2011) Â  According to (Antony Michail, 2011) in order to be following the strategy of cost leadership, a firm needs to be the low cost producer (Porter, 1980). It can gain the cost advantage by means of economies of scale, innovative technology, cheap raw materials, etc. They can do so by grabbing bigger market share through lowering their own prices or by maintaining average prices, thus increasing profitability (Porter, 1980). For e. g. Wal-Mart has been utilizing this strategy. It is successful because of its large scale and efficient supply chain, thus allowing their items at low prices and to profit off thin margins at a high volume (Antony Michail, 2011) This incorporates development in product or services such that it offers unique quality and is valued by the customers (Porter 1980). The added value enables the firms to charge premium price for it. They have the resources and core competencies. They have skilled production team and efficient sales network. The drawback is that they can be a t loss if their competitors imitate the product design or there is decline in demanded consequent to changing customers taste. e. g Apple computers have been profiting by implementing the differentiation strategy. By differentiating their product because they get desired value. Owing to lesser number of substitutes they are the market leaders and it launches its product only when they have enough resources to sustain themselves in the market for long. This is what confers them a competitive advantage. Unlike the other two, it focuses on narrow market segment and thus practices both differentiation and low cost. Here the firms set out to serve the niche markets. Ferrari and Rolls Royce are perfect examples of niche players in the automobile industry. These two companies have a niche of premium products available at a premium price and they occupy a small percentage of worldwide market (Drypen, 2010) These are the primary and secondary factors that help company achieve competitive advantage and sustain itself in the market place. According to Porter(1980. 985) the competitive strategy is related to economics concept where long term competition and imitation are the main factors. This creates the path to yield superior growth and profitability in the future. Blue ocean focuses on venturing into the untapped market place by means of Value Innovation which forms the corner stone of this strategy. According to (Kim Mauborgne 2005) although the term seems to be newer, yet the blue oceans have always existed in the past as well. If we look back like 100 years from now, we’d realize that the industries which are quite common in the present times were totally nonexistent for e. g. Internet industry, the automobiles industry, the telecommunications, the biotechnology industry, pharmaceuticals, fast food chains etc. So this means that every industry is borne with an idea of introducing something new for the people and thus demand is created with the advent of such industries. At the same time we dont know how things are going to be in another 50 years. According to (Kim Mauborgne 2005) we might get to see certain new industries which are not even thought of at present times. It is likely that blue oceans are going to serve as the growth engines. The red oceans are decreasing because the technological innovations are progressing in leaps and bounds. No industry wishes to be a bystander instead it works on its products and thus seeks to accomplish value innovation. (Kim Mauborgne 2005) lay down that the incumbents can create blue oceans within their core businesses for e. g. In the movie theatre industry, AMC theatre have a reputed name. They began as multiplexes in 1960s and later evolved into megaplexes in 1995. Thus they strived into a new venture because they had core competencies to do so. In stark contrast to what Porter emphasized, the proponents of this strategy lay down that the industry is not the unit of analysis, but it is the strategic move which holds more significance. The following are some of the features that differentiate Red Ocean and blue ocean (Kim Mauborgne 2005) Thus Blue Ocean strives to create untapped market place. The competition is not a defining characteristic and most importantly the focus is to provide the low cost and differentiation simultaneously unlike those in competitive strategy which stresses upon either low cost or differentiation. For e. g. Cirque de soleil successfully entered a totally unattractive industry because it restructured the industry through value innovation, created a new market place and eventually turned out to be a winner. This is what the core essence of Value innovation is. The intent is to create a leap in value for both customers as well as the company (Kim Mauborgne 2005) The companies that create blue oceans set up huge barriers for about 10-15 years which are very difficult to be broken down by other companies and generate economies of scale very rapidly thus jeopardizing the success of their rivals in the industry. A significant example of this is seven eleven convenience stores in Japan mainly which enjoy huge economies of scale, making it impossible for imitators to track down their path. Ikea used value innovation as it co-opted the customer into value chain in the final assembly and delivery stages which enabled it to emerge as a major international brand. Then although a late entrant into the highly competitive computer market, Dell tapped into an enormous reservoir of trapped value with its innovative direct model and left other established players way behind it. Leavy Carry, 2002). Nintendo Wii games were brand new products that didn’t care about the already existent market players like PlayStation by Sony and emerged as the most successful one. In Pakistan very few companies have been able to create new markets. The most important of all of them is Trakkar private limited which introduced a simple device that allowed the customers to track their own vehicle in their bid to prevent against auto theft. No such product ever existed in the market before so it achieved unhampered growth. (Aleem Bawany, 2011). In the termination, I would like to say that the Blue Ocean and Red Ocean have always co-existed together. In the present times the companies cant escape the so called notion of competition. But they need to broaden their horizons by thinking beyond their defined market boundaries i. e. there is a dire need to incorporate the blue ocean strategy. In other words the current time calls for maintaining a balance between the two scales with competitive strategy on one side and value innovation on the other side of the scale.

Joyce Kilmer And Poetry Essays - Trees, Joyce Kilmer, Simile, Poetry

Joyce Kilmer And Poetry Joyce Kilmer In Joyce Kilmers, trees, Kilmer uses many different poetry techniques, such as personification, rhythm, and similes. Using certain rhyming words Kilmer was able to give her poem a rhythm. In her poem she uses phrases like A tree that may in summer wear a nest of robins in her hair(Kilmer). Having used the words hair and wear give her poem a nice beat. One example of a simile that she uses is I think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree. Having used a simile, she gives the reader an idea of how great she thinks a tree or anything in general made by God is. Throughout the poem Kilmer uses personification. Creating a feeling that the tree is alive and with emotion. She says A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed against the earths sweet flowering breast and A tree that looks at God all day and lifts her leafy arms to pray. By writing this poem Kilmer was trying to say that anything that man creates is not as nearly as wonderful as what God creates. Not even if it is as simple as a tree. Poems are made by fools like me, but only God can make a tree.(Kilmer) Music

How to Write a Perfect Admin Assistant Cover Letter (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Admin Assistant Cover Letter (Examples Included) Here at TheJobNetwork, we talk a lot about how to build the perfect resume- after all, it’s your chance to show a potential employer who you are, what you do, and what you will do for them. But although the cover letter has become somewhat controversial in recent years, with the advent of digital hiring tools and job application apps, it’s an element that you should be able to knock out of the park when you need it.For admin assistants, the cover letter can be a useful way to personalize your resume and packaging for the job to which you’re applying. Having been there, I know the pluses and minuses of having versatile admin experience- sure, you’ve got flexible skills that you can take pretty much everywhere. but when you’re trying to frame yourself as a unique candidate, how do you take those universal admin skills and experience and make them fit the exact job you want?First, let’s start with the basics of a good cover letter.Necessity #1: An Appropriate AddresseeIf you have a direct name (hiring manager, recruiter, etc.), all the better- make sure the opener is polite and personalized. If you don’t have a specific name, you can still personalize it to the company.For example:Dear Ms. Perkins,  Hello Ms. Perkins,  Greetings Ms. Perkins,  Dear Techedge Industries Team,You need to strike the right balance between conversational and formal. Definitely don’t go too casual. The fact that you’re likely submitting these online, or writing an email, can lead to a false sense of familiarity with the person.Bad examples:Hey Phyllis,  Phyllis Perkins,  Hello:  To Whom it May Concern:All of these greetings are either too casual, or too vague. â€Å"To Whom it May Concern† is the cover letter equivalent of getting mail addressed to â€Å"occupant†: chances are it’s going to be passed on without reading. It suggests that the cover letter writer is applying indiscriminately. that might not be the case (you might just be covering for the fact that you don’t have a specific contact person), but they don’t know that). it’s important to be as clear and direct as possible in your cover letter.Necessity #2: Your NarrativeThe whole point of your cover letter is adding context to you, and your resume. On your resume, you have limited space, and the priority goes to potent, high-quality bullet points to illustrate your skills and experience. The cover letter is your chance to craft the larger story of your career, and why you would be a good fit for this job in particular.For example:As an experienced administrative assistant and a lifelong home baker, I am thrilled to be applying for this position with Gina’s homemade cookie company. Ive worked in companies that are large, small, and somewhere in between, and have found that my skills fit best in a small, close-knit company like Gina’s. I have experience implementing new systems t hat improve  record keeping  and office efficiency, and with working as part of a team coordinating complex schedules and details while making sure everything gets done on time.Bad example:I am applying for a job at Gina’s homemade cookie company. Please see my attached resume, and let me know if you have any questions.In the good example, the applicant shows that she’s done her research on Gina’s homemade cookie company (company size, general culture), and is showing how she might fit well in that (as a baking enthusiast and experienced admin). The writer doesn’t necessarily go into her life history, but picks highlights that dovetail well with the job description. It also gives the reader a preview of the kinds of experience to expect in the resume.In the bad example, the cover letter body says nothing about the writer and does nothing to supplement the resume. It’s just an unnecessary attachment.Necessity #3: A Strong FinishAlways have a clo sing paragraph that restates the highlights (why you’re a good fit) and leaves room for follow-up.For example:I would love to have the opportunity to join your team and look forward to hearing more about this opening. My skills and experience as an admin (and a cookie enthusiast) would be a great fit as an administrative assistant in your company. please don’t hesitate to contact me if there’s any other information I can provide.Bad example:Please let me know more about this job opening.In these examples, one writer reminds the reader why she is a good fit; the other writer puts the onus on the reader to give more information about the job itself and says nothing about herself in the meantime. You want to make sure you’re aligning yourself with the job in the reader’s mind, and this is your last chance to do so before they read your resume.Necessity #4: Clean FormattingLike with your resume, you want your cover letter to be clear and easy to read. That means:A standard font.  This is not the time to test out â€Å"fun† fonts. Pick something clean and basic, like times.No huge blocks of text.  In a letter, unbroken paragraphs can look like the ramblings of a manifesto. You want your reader to see a series of separate, elegantly outlined points.Short Length.  A cover letter should never be more than a page, and even a full page is definitely pushing it. Brevity is the soul of wit and the friend of application readers everywhere.For example:My attached resume goes into more detail about my daily job duties and achievements during my tenure as an administrative assistant at two companies. My experience managing complex schedules, overseeing busy offices, and leading junior staff would be an asset to this role.I would love to have to opportunity to join the team at Gina’s homemade cookies, and bring my expertise in managing day-to-day office processes to your company. I believe I can meet and exceed the expecta tions you have for this role, and I look forward to speaking more with you about my application. Feel free to contact me at any time.Bad example:My attached resume goes into more detail about my daily job duties and achievements during my tenure as an administrative assistant at two companies. My experience managing complex schedules, overseeing busy offices, and leading junior staff would be an asset to this role. I would love to have to opportunity to join the team at Gina’s homemade cookies and bring my expertise in managing day-to-day office processes to your company. I believe I can meet and exceed the expectations you have for this role, and I look forward to speaking more with you about my application. Feel free to contact me at any time.That’s a lot to cram into one paragraph. Crafting shorter, punchier paragraphs can help you focus your letter on the points you want the reader to notice, and keep it visually appealing as well.After that closing pitch, all you have left is the closing. Like with the opening address, it should be simple and polite. Not too flowery (â€Å"kindest warmest regards, dear recruiter† is†¦unnecessary.For example:Best wishes,Sincerely,Bad examples:Thanks.Fondest wishes,[name- no greeting]Please hit me back,  And after that, you’re done! Well, except for the resume, the interview, and the negotiation. But your cover letter is in the books, and you have been introduced to your possible future employer.Let’s take a last look at the sample cover letter as a whole:Dear Ms. Perkins,As an experienced administrative assistant and a lifelong home baker, I am thrilled to be applying for this position with gina’s homemade cookie company. Ive worked in companies that are large, small, and somewhere in between, and have found that my skills fit best in a small, close-knit company like Gina’s. I have experience implementing new systems that improve record keeping and office efficiency, and with working as part of a team coordinating complex schedules and details while making sure everything gets done on time.My attached resume goes into more detail about my daily job duties and achievements during my tenure as an administrative assistant at two companies. My experience managing complex schedules, overseeing busy offices, and leading junior staff would be an asset to this role.I would love to have to opportunity to join the team at Gina’s homemade cookie and bring my expertise in managing day-to-day office processes to your company. I believe I can meet and exceed the expectations you have for this role, and I look forward to speaking more with you about my application. Feel free to contact me at any time.Sincerely,Francine WatersShort, to-the-point, informative, appropriate: now thats a letter that shows what a good admin assistant francine would be!Looking for an administrative assistant job? TheJobNetwork has you covered! Search admin assistant jobs  in your city:  hundreds of jobs in many fields await!

The Snowball Earth

The Snowball Earth Some very strange events have left their signs in the rocks of Precambrian time, the nine-tenths of Earths history before fossils became common. Various observations point to times when the whole planet appears to have gripped by colossal ice ages. Big-thinker Joseph Kirschvink first assembled the evidence in the late 1980s, and in a 1992 paper he dubbed the situation the snowball earth. Evidence for the Snowball Earth What did Kirschvink see? Many deposits of Neoproterozoic age (between 1000 and about 550 million years old) show the distinctive signs of ice agesyet they involved carbonate rocks, which are made only in the tropics.Magnetic evidence from these ice-age carbonates showed that indeed they were very near the equator. And there is nothing to suggest that the Earth was tilted on its axis any differently from today.And the unusual rocks known as banded iron formation appeared at this time, after an absence of more than a billion years. They have never reappeared. These facts led Kirschvink to a wild surmise glaciers had not just spread over the poles, as they do today, but had reached all the way to the equator, turning the Earth into a global snowball. That would set up feedback cycles reinforcing the ice age for quite some time: First, white ice, on land and upon the ocean, would reflect the suns light into space and leave the area cold.Second, the glaciated continents would emerge as the ice took water from the ocean, and the newly exposed continental shelves would reflect sunlight rather than absorbing it as dark seawater does.Third, the huge quantities of rock ground into dust by the glaciers would take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and reinforcing the global refrigeration. These tied in with another event: the supercontinent Rodinia had just broken apart into many smaller continents. Small continents are wetter than large ones, hence more likely to support glaciers. The area of continental shelves must have increased, too, thus all three factors were reinforced. The banded iron formations suggested to Kirschvink that the sea, blanketed in ice, had gone stagnant and run out of oxygen. This would allow dissolved iron to build up instead of circulating through living things as it does now. As soon as the ocean currents and continental weathering resumed, the banded iron formations would be quickly laid down. The key to breaking the glaciers grip was volcanoes, which continually emit carbon dioxide derived from old subducted sediments (more on volcanism). In Kirschvinks vision, the ice would shield the air from the weathering rocks and allow CO2 to build up, restoring the greenhouse. At some tipping point the ice would melt, a geochemical cascade would deposit the banded iron formations, and snowball Earth would return to normal Earth. The Arguments Begin The snowball earth idea lay dormant until the late 1990s. Later researchers noted that thick layers of carbonate rocks capped the Neoproterozoic glacial deposits. These cap carbonates made sense as a product of the high-CO2 atmosphere that routed the glaciers, combining with calcium from the newly exposed land and sea. And recent work has established three Neoproterozoic mega-ice ages: the Sturtian, Marinoan and Gaskiers glaciations at about 710, 635 and 580 million years ago respectively. The questions arise as to why these happened, when and where they happened, what triggered them, and a hundred other details. A wide range of experts found reasons to argue against or quibble with the snowball earth, which is a natural and normal part of science. Biologists saw Kirschvinks scenario as looking too extreme. He had suggested in 1992 that metazoansprimitive higher animalsarose through evolution after the global glaciers had melted and opened new habitats. But metazoan fossils were found in much older rocks, so obviously the snowball earth had not killed them. A less extreme slushball earth hypothesis has arisen that protects the biosphere by positing thinner ice and milder conditions. Snowball partisans argue their model cannot be stretched that far. To an extent, this appears to be a case of different specialists taking their familiar concerns more seriously than a generalist would. The more distant observer can easily picture an icelocked planet that has enough warm refuges to preserve life while still giving the glaciers the upper hand. But the ferment of research and discussion will surely yield a truer and more sophisticated picture of the late Neoproterozoic. And whether it was a snowball, slushball or something without a catchy name, the type of event that seized our planet at that time is impressive to contemplate. PS: Joseph Kirschvink introduced the snowball earth in a very short paper in a very large book, so speculative that the editors didnt even have someone review it. But publishing it was a great service. An earlier example is Harry Hesss groundbreaking paper on seafloor spreading, written in 1959 and circulated privately before it found an uneasy home in another large book published in 1962. Hess called it an essay in geopoetry, and ever since the word has had a special significance. I do not hesitate to call Kirschvink a geopoet as well. For instance, read about his polar wander proposal.

Take Home Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Take Home Final - Assignment Example Family planning policy in Brazil has undergone revolution in the recent years. It has undergone a series of development over the years. In the last decade, Brazil has experienced low birth rates due to increased access in education, contraception, and family planning. In Brazil, there was interventionism and it led to a drop in total fertility rates. Many of the citizens use artificial birth control as a tool to family planning. The influence from media, movies, soap operas, and television is a tool towards family planning in Brazil. This family planning has reduced fertility rates. In the early 1960s, every household had about six children but after this transition to family planning the number of children have significantly reduced to fewer than two children (Krugman & Wells, 2006). The policy of family planning in Vietnam was developed long ago in the 1960s. The national government advocated the policy of almost two children. The local govern is responsible in executing this policy. For any additional children the district government imposed fines. Women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses. The government used strict tools to ensure this policy is met. Individuals who never used contraceptives their names were announced in order to embarrass them. THz government went even a step to deny people who violated the policy their salaries, jobs, and promotions. This policy led to reduction in birthrate in Vietnam (Krugman & Wells, 2006). The total fertility rate dropped from 5.6 to 3.2. This policy is a high interventionism to ensure the two-child policy is met. In a declining trade economy, its effect will be felt on the workers. In developing workers are attracted to manufacturing sectors with high wages and move from the rural to urban (Krugman & Wells, 2006). This will be different in an economy where it has deteriorated and the trade declined thus reduced rural-urban migration. Harris model is an

Marketing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategy - Research Paper Example   There are numerous companies providing logistical services within the region providing intense competition. Within the African region, many logistics companies are local and have limited exposure to international logistics business. The company intends to utilize the business experience gained in offering logistical services within different states. This will become essential in ensuring the quality of services offered, displayed through the quick and timely delivery of services. Many of the companies operating within the industry offer logistical services in the transportation of manufactured goods. As a company operating a farm, the company will offer logistical services for agricultural products. This will become a relatively new aspect which could be essential in achieving sustainable competitive advantage   (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2003). The company will maximise on the weaknesses of existing competitors in gaining a competitive advantage, ultimately achieving sustainabili ty in the business.   The company will effectively utilize this weakness to ensure the provision of cross-border logistics and increase its market share. The international experience and presence will enable the company to offer logistics services to increased numbers of clients. Differentiation remains an essential business strategy utilized in gaining a competitive advantage within a highly competitive business environment. Differentiation includes making a company services unique and creating an identity within a crowded business environment. The company intends to begin offering trucking services for agricultural non-perishable products within the African market. With numerous African regions facing the continuous shortage of food, offering transportation services for agricultural products will attract surmountable customers within the organizations providing relief food. With many organizations covering several countries, the global aspect of the company will become a fundamental element in undertak ing these business ventures. Having been involved in growing of barley, the company already has the capacity to transport similar agricultural products like dry maize and beans. Market leadership The company will undertake a market leadership approach in performing the various business operations within the regions covered. The company will focus on offering services across the borders as many of the competitor companies have continued to offer services with limited coverage. The increased coverage of the services will ensure the company becomes a market leader in a wide region.

P&G Japan Essay Example for Free

PG Japan Essay Slow, conformist and risk averse – stretch, innovation and speed Leadership Innovation Team implemented a global rollout of Dryel and Swiffer Impact – 18 months after entering the first test market they were on sales in US, Europe, Latin America and Asia Processes Performance-based component of compensation increased from traditional range of 20% to 80%. Extended the reach of stock options to virtually all employees Integrated business planning process where all budget elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure Primary profit responsibility shifted from PGs four regional organisation to seven GBUs that would now manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide Charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying brand portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase accountability Committee responsibilities were transferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were coordinated through a global business service unit Progression form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric – Geocentric SK-II – within PG this high-end product had little visibility outside Japan Because Japanese women had by far the highest use of beauty care products in the world, it was natural that the global beauty care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with RD labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a durable color base and renewable moisturising second coat – Lipfinity Japanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within six months of the Japanese launch Implementation of O2005 in July 1999 – half the top 30 managers and a third of the top 3000 were new to their jobs – capabilities do not reside in management Global product development process Technology team assembled at an RD facility in Cincinnati, drawing the most qualified technologists from its PG labs worldwide US-based marketing team and Japanese team had the same task – Japanese team came up with SK-II In the end, each market ended up with a distinct product built on a common technology platform. Marketing expertise was also shared, allowing the organisation to exploit local learning Decisions Japanese Opportunity Tapping into PGs extensive technological resources – extend the SK-II line beyond its traditional product offerings Although would take a considerable amount of time and effort, it would exploit internal capabilities and external brand image Product innovation and superior in-store service – competitive advantage in Japan China Operating since 1988 only Entrepreneurial beauty care manager in China Some were worried that SK-II would be a distraction to PGs strategy of becoming a mainstream Chinese company and to its competitive goal of entering 600 Chinese cities ahead of competitors Targeting an elite consumer group with a niche product was not in keeping with the objective of reaching the 1. 2 billion population with laundry, hair care, oral care, diapers and other basics Europe De Cesare – new the European market well Without any real brand awareness or heritage, would SK-II’s mystique transfer to a Western market Organisational constraint De Cesare recognised that his decision needed to comply with the organisational reality in which it would be implemented Jager – openly questioned how well some of the products in the beauty care business fit in the PG portfolio – the fashion-linked and promotion-driven sales models neither played well to PG’s â€Å"stack it high, sell it cheap† marketing skills nor exploited its superior technologies From a local to a global focus

The Key to Success in Education :: Teaching Education Philosophy

A Mixture of Progressivism and Behaviorism is the Key to Success in Education Lee Beck, a teacher of thirty years, is my hero. Lee has an intense passion for teaching and an equal passion for children. It is this overwhelming passion and satisfactions in helping children excel in academics and in life that have inspired me to become a teacher. Pursuing a career in Education has led me to different philosophical perspectives of education that will be utilized in my future classroom. Behind every educational facility and educator lies a value system and set of beliefs that influence their philosophy of education. My educational philosophy and goals are influenced by a combination of both progressive and behavioral aspects. Most imperative is the characteristics of progressivism that appeal to my values and belief system. The purpose of education is to enable a child to become more efficient and achieve goals in their life. An equally important purpose is to expose children to different values and beliefs that are used throughout the world. Education indirectly provides teachers with the opportunity to touch the lives of children and have a positive influence in their lives. I desire to be capable of touching a life and making a difference. It is important for me to know that I have encouraged children to feed the hunger of their minds. One aspect of progressivism to be integrated into my classroom is cooperative learning activities. Progressivism teaching methods recognize cooperative learning activities as a practical method of instruction. Working in groups was not always part of my previous education. Normally working independently has left me feeling uncomfortable and untrusting of others when working in groups. It has also left me intimidated by my peers with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. I feel that if students are frequently exposed to cooperative learning activities that they will be more trusting and more group oriented toward a unified goal. My first cooperative learning experiences in college have taught me in a short period of time that just because someone is different, does not mean that they are incompetent; additionally, learning from students is an important part of being a teacher. It is important for children to learn this lesson early in life, not until their college y ears.

Lost Property Essay

Introduction: Yes, relationships are fragile but not permanently so and they are not just a group of individuals. Scope: address positive family representations of Tambling’s past family life and Michael’s own family, address current situation with Michael’s absence, not multiple issues, being the root of tension and final coming together being the result that Michael and Mr Tambling had planned and all had hoped for. Para 1 – address positive family  representations of Tambling’s past family life and Michael’s own family, Para 2 – address current situation with Michael’s absence, not multiple issues, being the root of tension, not multiple issues, dysfunctional behaviour. Para 3 – final coming together being the result that Michael and Mr Tambling had planned and all had hoped for. Conclusion Family life is documented, questioned and applauded in many Australian stories and James Moloney’s ‘Lost Property’ is one such tale. It may be argued that the Tambling family, upon which the novel is based, is a group of individuals held together by fragile relationships. Contrarily however, one may conclude that the family turmoil within the novel is a temporary state. Following, the positive representations of family life, Michael’s temporary exile and the family’s ultimate reconciliation will be explored to prove that the relationships within the family make them more than a group of individuals. The Tambling family has a solid past and has built ideals within the Tambling children to create healthy family networks. We are provided a picture of a productive family life initially; good schools, house close to Sydney. Josh tells us he has ‘just about everything I want’ (p 47). More than the material though, the family invests in the family unit; dinners together at the table, lifts from parents to above-board activities and support at school. Josh and his father share a love of music, share easy banter and have obvious habits of drives together. Josh recalls idyllic beach outings ‘before that bottle of rum’(p 64) when Mrs Tambling wanted to ‘stop the sun going down’. Life was good. Michael perpetuates these ideals in his own life with Kelly; care, commitment and love are obvious. All the time though, we feel a perpetual pull of Michael back to his family of origin. The Tambling siblings have a strong bond, there is genuine family values, traditions and history so strong that it can be re-created by Michael in his own home-life; all evidence to show that the issues that arise, the arguments that occur are not exemplary of their standard life, but a reaction to the fact that their tight family unit is disunited. Michael’s abs ence sits like a seeping wound upon the family psyche. All the family relationships are put under strain by Michael’s behaviour and departure – Michael and Mr Tambling, Mr and Mrs Tambling, Josh and his father, Josh and his mother in particular. Mr Tambling sending  Michael away has put a wedge between him and his wife, her need to know of his safety causing great strain. Josh’s unhappiness, his feeling of being lost, having no identity could be paralleled with Michael’s absence – Josh begins to feel more connected when he begins his mission to Mackay, a quest to return the prodigal son. When we consider the events leading to Michael’s leaving – the drinking, behaviour, his age, one could consider whether Mr Tambling made a sacrifice in insisting Michael leave†¦a calculated decision for the sake of the remainder of the family. He makes another calculated decision when he discovers where Michael is – to not seek him out, to not tell the remainder of the family. One could argue that these calculations were made not due to fragile relationships within the family but because of a deep love and the ultimate hope that the family will be reunited in good time. Family crisis is not unusual but working through crisis is a true test of family strength. In Michael’s case time was required to heal his wounds, perhaps growth as a person, finding his own identity, falling in love, made it possible for him to understand his father, forgive and accept him. The fragility is a consequence of Michael’s absence, the turmoil that preceded his departure and  The unending need for the family to be reconciled, from all sides, invites readers to anticipate a family reunion, not a continuation of fragility.

Negative Effects of Technology on Human Life

Negative effects of technology Improvements in the technology have antagonistic effects on the human life along with the positive effects. The growth of the technology leads to very severe problems like pollution, unemployment, effects social life of the humans etc.. First of all, the most serious problem is pollution, which is created by the technological inventions like vehicles, industries, etc.. Now-a-days the vehicles like cars, bikes are increasing which is leading to increase in pollution. The other problem is radiation caused by the increase in the mobile phones.Secondly, in most of the developing countries like India the major problem is unemployment. This problem is mostly caused by the increase in the instruments, which are the results of improvement in the technology. Finally, in today’s world all the people are getting addicted to the internet like social sites, games and they also becoming victims of the google. For example, all the persons are getting involved i n the facebook and they are not at all bothering about the surrounding world, this may leading them away from the social life and sometimes it also creates problems in the families.The other example, everyone in this world is depending on google for each and everything and they are not at all referring to the books. However, most of the people say that improvements in technology like software solutions creates employment, but that is not true because the employment created by the software field is less than the employments which is decreased by the instruments in industries. In conclusion, the negative effects of the technology is higher than the advantages from the improvements in technology.

Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanks

Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanks Free Online Research Papers As I walked into the familiar _______________, I realized something was not the same. As I sat down and the surroundings began to sink in, I realized that it was brighter. There were two extremely powerful lights on either side of the room pointing at the stage. I was here to see _________________, the ________ who _____________ ,. The area he/she was speaking in was surprisingly small for someone of such importance. I was certainly expecting a larger forum. As I looked around, I noticed that the audience that had assembled contained quite an excellent melody of character. The first _________ rows were made up of people who were obviously ____________ ; a blend of beaming __________ , many of whom had _____________, and __________________ who appeared to be just as glad to be there. The further the room went back, the less _____________ the audience got. I had noticed that when I walked in there was a sign up sheet for a professor’s class. Many of the members in the rear area of the audience donned an ear bud in one ear, or covertly rattled away on a laptop. These students were here, not to hear the speaker, but rather to earn extra credit. The room was full of activity, but it abruptly silenced when an official looking _________ strode in. He/She was of average stature and build. His/Her face held many of the features of a _______________. He/She was wearing on a modern outfit. His/Her blouse/shirt and dress/pants were made up of _________ and designed in such a way that matched his/her features perfectly. He/She smiled revealing dazzling white teeth and took a seat next to the stage. After a brief introduction from a few ___________ officials, he/she climbed the platform and __________ over to the podium. The audience went silent at this point waiting only to hear his/her words. When those words came out, I saw looks of confusion throughout the room. He/She talked in the language of _____________ for a few sentences and quickly followed up with a translation. He/She was simply thanking us for being there and giving her/him this opportunity to speak. He/She started off talking about the. â€Å"___________________________.† He/She said. He/She referred_____. The first point is_________. Next,______________. Lastly,___________. He/She said____________. I was wondering where he/she was going with this, but I listened patiently. I couldn’t help but thinking that this kind of talk gave him/her the air of _______________ â€Å"Give quote.† He/She said. He/She talked about what he/she had done ______________, and _______________. This was all very inspiring, but these things were so big, and it just made me feel like saying, â€Å"__________ † Then he/she answered that exact question. He/She told us some simple, as well as unique things that we could do to make our lives _____________. Give examples from speech. One of the things that struck me the most was when he/she said we should________. Fill in details I laughed silently at this. â€Å"_____________________________________.† Now that most certainly seemed radical or reasonable, but then I thought about it. Fill in what you concluded.. Then _______________tied everything together in his/her closing. â€Å"This ______________ has to start with the people in the communities. We have to __________________________rather than __________________________.† That rang clear in my ears. It did have to start here. â€Å"Once we start ___________ by __________ it will have a ripple effect, spreading throughout America and eventually reaching the ____________, but it has start with the people.† He/She said. At the end, I got up and asked a question. â€Å"_____________________________________?† I asked. _______________ Answered, â€Å"Well it’s simple, just make your life better first, and do something like_____________. Then, hopefully your neighbors will try to keep up with the Jones’, and it will naturally spread throughout the community. You can’t expect __________to occur overnight.† He/She concluded. He/She took a few more questions before He/She announced that He/She had to go. He/She walked out and received__________ applause from the crowd. Clearly, ______________ speech as I was. He/She had made me think, and that is the mark of something that I find incredibly interesting. I was suspicious of _______ at first, as I am of all politicians, but after the first few minutes of his/her speech, it seemed that he/she should be ________________. His/Her policies on the _____________ revolved around the ________________________. His/Her words shattered the illusion that ____________________, and that ___________________________. His/Her powerful convictions made me yearn _____________, and inspired _________. His/Her ability to____________________________________. When that happens________________________. We must_______________________________, â€Å"It has to start here.† Research Papers on Generic Paper On A Speech fill in blanksThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTrailblazing by Eric AndersonLifes What IfsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

The History of Singapores Economic Development

The History of Singapores Economic Development In the 1960s, the city-state of Singapore was an undeveloped country with a GDP per capita of less than U.S. $320. Today, it is one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. Its GDP per capita has risen to an incredible U.S. $60,000, making it one of the strongest economies in the world. For a small country with few natural resources, Singapores economic ascension is nothing short of remarkable. By embracing globalization, free-market capitalism, education, and pragmatic policies, the country has been able to overcome its geographic disadvantages and become a leader in global commerce. Independence For over 100 years, Singapore was under British control. But when the British failed to protect the colony from the Japanese during World War II, it sparked a strong anti-colonial and nationalist sentiment that subsequently led to Singapores independence. On August 31, 1963, Singapore seceded from the British crown and merged with Malaysia to form the Federation of Malaysia. The two years Singapore spent as part of Malaysia were filled with social strife, as the two sides struggled to assimilate with one another ethnically. Street riots and violence became very common. The Chinese in Singapore outnumbered the Malay three-to-one. The Malay politicians in Kuala Lumpur feared their heritage and political ideologies were being threatened by the growing Chinese population throughout the island and peninsula. Therefore, as a way of ensuring a Malay majority within Malaysia proper and to limit the influence of communism, the Malaysian parliament voted to expel Singapore from Malaysia. Singapore gained formal independence on August 9, 1965, with Yusof bin Ishak serving as its first president and the highly influential Lee Kuan Yew as its prime minister. After independence, Singapore continued to experience problems. Much of the city-states three million people were unemployed. More than two-thirds of its population was living in slums and squatter settlements on the citys fringe. The territory was sandwiched between two large and unfriendly states in Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore lacked natural resources, sanitation, proper infrastructure, and adequate water supply. In order to stimulate development, Lee sought international assistance, but his pleas went unanswered, leaving Singapore to fend for itself. Globalization During colonial times, Singapores economy was centered on entrepà ´t trade. But this economic activity offered little prospect for job expansion in the post-colonial period. The withdrawal of the British further aggravated the unemployment situation. The most feasible solution to Singapores economic and unemployment woes was to embark on a comprehensive program of industrialization, with a focus on labor-intensive industries. Unfortunately, Singapore had no industrial tradition. The majority of its working population was in trade and services. Therefore, they had no expertise or easily adaptable skills. Moreover, without a hinterland and neighbors who would trade with it, Singapore was forced to look for opportunities well beyond its borders to spearhead its industrial development. Pressured to find work for their people, the leaders of Singapore began to experiment with globalization. Influenced by Israels ability to leap over its Arab neighbors (who boycotted Israel) and trade with Europe and America, Lee and his colleagues knew they had to connect with the developed world and convince multinational corporations to manufacture in Singapore. In order to attract investors, Singapore had to create an environment that was safe, corruption-free, and low in taxation. To make this feasible, the citizens of the country had to suspend a large measure of their freedom in place of a more autocratic government. Anyone caught conducting narcotic trade or intensive corruption would be met with the death penalty. Lees People Action Party (PAP) repressed all independent labor unions and consolidated what remained into a single umbrella group called the National Trade Union Congress (NTUC), which the party directly controlled. Individuals who threatened national, political, or corporate unity were quickly jailed without much due process. The countrys draconian, but business-friendly laws became very appealing to international investors. In contrast to its neighbors, where political and economic climates were unpredictable, Singapore was very stable. Moreover, with its advantageous location and established port system, Singapore was an i deal place to manufacture goods. By 1972, just seven years after independence, one-quarter of Singapores manufacturing firms were either foreign-owned or joint-venture companies, and both the United States and Japan were major investors. As a result of Singapores steady climate, favorable investment conditions and the rapid expansion of the world economy from 1965 to 1972, the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) experienced annual double-digit growth. As foreign investment money poured in, Singapore began focusing on developing its human resources in addition to its infrastructure. The country set up many technical schools and paid international corporations to train their unskilled workers in information technology, petrochemicals, and electronics. For those who could not get industrial jobs, the government enrolled them in labor-intensive un-tradable services, such as tourism and transportation. The strategy of having multinationals educate their workforce paid great dividends for the country. In the 1970s, Singapore was primarily exporting textiles, garments, and basic electronics. By the 1990s, they were engaging in wafer fabrication, logistics, biotech research, pharmaceuticals, integrated circuit design, and aerospace engineering. A Modern Economy Today, Singapore is a modern, industrialized society and entrepà ´t trade continues to play a central role in its economy. The Port of Singapore is now the worlds busiest transshipment port, surpassing Hong Kong and Rotterdam. In terms of total cargo tonnage handled, it has become the worlds second busiest, behind only the Port of Shanghai. Singapores tourism industry is also thriving, attracting over 10 million visitors annually. The city-state now has a zoo, a night safari, and a nature reserve. The country recently opened two of the worlds most expensive integrated casino resorts in the Marina Bay Sands and the Resorts World Sentosa. The countrys medical tourism and culinary tourism industries have also become quite successful, thanks to Singapores cultural heritage and advanced medical technology. Banking has grown significantly in recent years and many assets formerly held in Switzerland have been moved to Singapore due to new taxes imposed by the Swiss. The biotech industry is burgeoning, with drug makers such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Merck Co. all establishing plants here, and oil refining continues to play a huge role in the economy. Despite its small size, Singapore is now the 15th largest trading partner of the United States. The country has established strong trade agreements with several countries in South America, Europe, and Asia as well. There are currently over 3,000 multinational corporations operating in the country, accounting for more than two-thirds of its manufacturing output and direct export sales. With a total land area of just 433 square miles and a small labor force of 3 million people, Singapore is able to produce a GDP that exceeds $300 billion dollars annually, higher than three-quarters of the world. Life expectancy is 83.75 years, the third highest in the world. Singapore is considered to be one of the best places to live on Earth if you dont mind the strict rules. Singapores model of sacrificing freedom for business is highly controversial and heavily debated. Regardless of philosophy, though, its effectiveness is undeniable.

Commercial Aviation Management Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commercial Aviation Management Functions - Essay Example This paper studies the different commercial aviation management functions to understand the issues and the unique solutions applied to solve the problems in an attempt to maximize profits in spite of the fixed inventory and high costs of investments. Overview of airlines management functions Airlines like any other business have a load of functions to manage for a competitive advantage in the industry. Essential functions are marketing, sales, etc. but the most recent emphasis on enhanced marketing tools and techniques characterizes the airlines industry. The use of a yield or revenue management tool to integrate the different functions of the business is an effective tool to realize the profit maximization in the industry. A marketing mix is of crucial importance for the airlines industry and involves activities like product planning, pricing, branding, packaging, promotion, advertising, selling, distribution, physical handling and service. The 4Ps of marketing mix: product, pri cing, place and promotion take into consideration all the activities mentioned and are at the heart of the yield or revenue management strategies (Knorr and Zigova, 2004; McGuire and Pinchuk, 2009). ... involves the tactical control of seat inventory through protection of seats for later-booking by high-fare customers by a proper balance of the load factor and yield (Fundamentals of pricing and revenue management, 2012). YM aims to maximize profits by controlling the load factor of the perishable seat inventory and selling the correct number of seats at discriminated prices based on demand and pricing elasticity. YM can be considered to the activity of selling the right product to the right customer at the right place and at the right time for optimum price through the best available channel (Rose, 2012). Further, YM involves management of the inventory, distribution channels and prices to yield profitability in the long run (Kleywegt, 2008). Implementing YM is seen to increase 3-9 percent of airlines revenue by combining different models for discrete choice analysis, forecasting, and large-scale optimization (Rose, 2012). However, there have been changes in the approaches to YM ove r the years based on the changes in airline business environment (Smith, 2002). Airline planning and marketing: Supply and demand  Airlines usually compete for customers, horizontally and vertically (Netessine and Shumsky, 2004). The inventory is perishable and the demand is time-variable and a trade-off between price (yield) and volume (load factor) becomes essential in this industry. Load factor is the percentage of capacity sold and demand for this perishable inventory changes by the time of day, day of week and season (Dr. Britton, 2009). Seat inventory control under horizontal competition (airlines competing for customers on a single flight leg) and vertical competition (airlines flying different flights on a multi leg itinerary) is usually achieved by a pure strategy Nash